The IELTS Essay Topics For March 2020

The IELTS Essay Topics For March 2020April is the biggest month for the IELTS test and all year round the IELTS Essay Topics for March 2020 are extremely important. The IELTS Essay Topics for March 2020 is taken from the question papers of the students from all across the country. They will come as a sample and will help you prepare for your IELTS exam.The IELTS test has been used since 1998 and currently, it is the only international test that students from across the globe can take. Since there is a lot of information to go through in preparation for the test, the question papers have been prepared to include more than just the basic words and alphabetical answers. The sample question papers include the Vowels, Consonants, and Syllables.You should know that the level of English that you speak and write in could influence your level of the IELTS essay topics for March 2020. All IELTS test takers are given a wide range of choices to choose from and since English is one of them, the c hoice of English composition subject is important to determine if you are able to handle the test effectively. It is good to know that most of the questions are based on what the student should have learned in school so it would be helpful to know how to write English essays.The first section of the IELTS essay test is the Vowels, Consonants, and Syllables essay question. There are many important things that you need to know about this section and this should be a problem especially if you think that you already know everything about this subject. The reason why you should know about this topic is because you are going to have to write an essay that is based on the key points that are included in the written question. The point of this question is to allow the test taker to identify the most important parts of the question such as the list of subject and verb.The vocabulary is often used in everyday situations, but not all of us use it effectively. It is important to know the differ ent vocabulary that you should know to be able to answer the IELTS essay topics for March 2020. The subject will come first followed by the main verb and then the pronouns and some other ideas. The basic idea is to organize the information by the different parts of speech.If you are unable to understand this, it means that you are not able to organize the information properly or that you are not able to use your knowledge of the whole topic. The use of subject and the use of pronouns are used to organize the information. The purpose of organizing the information is to be able to read the information in an orderly way so you will be able to understand the information clearly.The most important part of the test is the writing part of the IELTS essay and this is something that will determine if you are able to pass the test. The last part of the essay will focus on the problem solving skills. This is done to see if you know how to solve the problems that are given in the exam and that you are able to find a solution if the problem needs to be solved.The answer choices can either be an affirmative or a negative answer and the focus is to be able to find the solution that would give you a positive result. The final part of the essay will also focus on reading comprehension, which includes the use of sentences and paragraphs to find the right answer. Since the sentence structure is very important and grammar skills is very important, make sure that you pay attention to these two parts of the IELTS essay topics for March 2020.

Sonography Research Paper Topics

Sonography Research Paper TopicsThere are a couple of sonography examine paper themes that you might need to expound on. In the event that you plan on doing this as a vocation, the odds are that your exploration paper will be picked and perused by the expert associations that you have decided to work with. Since these associations will choose whether or not you will be qualified for an award, it is significant that you compose an exploration paper that covers an assortment of subjects with the goal that they can pick which one you should compose a layout for.Many individuals choose to go on the web and search for this sort of research. Perhaps the most straightforward spot to look is at one of the numerous sites that manage sonography. You will discover an assortment of online destinations that offer data on this kind of strength. At the point when you start to do examine, you ought to have the option to locate various open doors that can be expounded on in your sonography inquire ab out paper.The first thing that you should think about composing a sonography explore paper is that there is a great deal of detail that you should comprehend before you can expound on this theme. For instance, so as to expound on a book about the clinical field, you ought to learn as much as possible pretty much the entirety of the various kinds of specialists. The equivalent goes for composing a sonography look into paper.Even in the event that you decide to go online for your sonography investigate, there are some fundamental things that you ought to have the option to comprehend. For instance, in the event that you don't comprehend the intricate details of how this specific field functions, at that point you will make some hard memories getting a new line of work in this field. Along these lines, you ought to have the option to get enough of the nuts and bolts before you begin to compose the examination paper.One of the most significant things to see while doing sonography inquir e about paper subjects is your training. On the off chance that you don't have a degree in the clinical field, at that point you will be unable to find a new line of work that expects you to have one. This implies you should take a stab at finding the data that you have to assist you with your sonography explore paper topics.You ought to have the option to discover however much data as could reasonably be expected about a particular term. For instance, in the event that you are searching for data about a particular gadget that is utilized to perform sonography, you ought to have the option to locate a decent wellspring of data on the web. Obviously, you should be cautious about picking the data source since it will decide if your examination paper points will be considered.Another significant part of composing sonography inquire about paper themes is to ensure that you can discover enough foundation data on the topic that you have to expound on. Regardless of whether you are working with an online source, you should in any case have the option to discover enough data to assist you with your examination paper themes. Regardless of whether the data you are utilizing is off base, it won't make any difference since this sort of data can be found on a wide range of sources.Remember that these are only a couple of tips that you can utilize when composing sonography look into paper subjects. So as to be effective in this field, you should be set up to expound on however many various themes as could reasonably be expected. You will likewise should have the option to discover data on these points rapidly so as to stay aware of your profession objectives.

Choosing Good Example Mla Research Paper

<h1> Choosing Good Example Mla Research Paper </h1> <p>Therefore, in case you should make an article in MLA design, however not even certain where to start, adhere to our MLA position model exposition and you'll promptly overcome the creative cycle. The whole methodology of composing an exploration paper can take generous time as there are numerous segments to consider. At the point when you're composing your examination paper's presentation, you should fabricate it around a specific blueprint that provisions a general survey of the paper. As an outcome, composing a MLA inquire about paper with passages created by a specific programming isn't recommended.</p> <p>The cover sheet for an examination paper is among the most indispensable issues. To totally comprehend what data specific components of the paper ought to talk about heres another examination paper model including some fundamental areas of the paper. Try not to be reluctant to tap the request on the off chance that you require only the absolute best research paper. With us, you can be certain your exploration paper and individual data won't ever be gotten by any outsider. </p> <p>The most fundamental piece of the paper will join a conversation about the current research being done regarding the matter. As the title of the composing infers you need to direct the exploration in the specific district of information. You should consider how soon you will present the exact subject of your examination territory, or your client's name. For instance in case you're composing a business letter you may utilize a layout that has space appointed for your location, your custom ers address and comparative requirements. </p> <p>The content is encouraged to be composed using the normal fontlike Times New Roman. You don't need to take care of various request structures, get a lot of passwords at almost every progression of request. A refined cover sheet isn't as inaccessible as it might appear. These pages offer you a couple of inquiries to reply, at that point permit you to press a catch to secure an individual works-refered to entry.</p> <p>If you're composing a quantitative paper, ensure that you indicate your model and that you're prepared to get to the information for the factors that you need to gauge. Additionally, the obscurity made through an on-line condition urges buyers to open up and write in astounding profundity. Normally you'll have explicit data with respect to the size of the paper, thusly an arrangement will be of a staggering assistance.</p> <h2> Example Mla Research Paper - Overview</h2> <p> MLA designing is without a doubt a very tedious undertaking. The MLA group specifies the basic rules for adequately composing a paper dependent on the MLA guidelines. With the help of such a framework, you will be able to see how the paper will look like and will be fit for going from 1 section to another easily. Composing a response paper can be a truly testing activity, such a large number of understudies use guides to discover increasingly about its structure and key abilities. </p> <p>Why don't you drop in today and let our group of specialists help you with your examination papers. To diminish a smidgen of the weight, a few understudies go online to search for instance inquire about papers. Our exploration demonstrates that essentially introducing the numbers isn't adequate. Disclose how you plan to start leading your exploration. </p> <p>You need to utilize an unmistakable textual style that is profoundly intelligible. Much of the time, it's easy to per use organizing directions and still remain confounded about what to design and the best approach to arrange. Papers in MLA design specifies a strategy for documentation. APA arrangement can assist you with organizing your paper well. </p> <p>If you aren't aware of APA prerequisites simply type in Google (or some other internet searcher) APA arrangement and you are sure to discover a ton of results. Despite the fact that some word-preparing program programs have a coordinated decision for refering to in MLA style, your teacher will likely envision the report to comply with the MLA organizing style too. MLA inquire about paper group is only one of the most boundless arrangements used in scholarly composition. These days diverse scholastic establishments need various types of content arranging. </p> <p>Additionally, being designed accurately, it gives the peruser an understanding of how capably you've moved toward the arrangement of your task. After you have built up a composing technique, accept the open door to likewise have an arrangement with respect to how you will move toward your exploration. There are bunches of things to see when arranging an examination. You can likewise include your own perce ptions notwithstanding the up and coming work you're arranging in it. </p> <h2>Example Mla Research Paper - the Story </h2> <p>The first objective of each acquaintance is going with be to messenger to the perusers that something genuine which should be tended to appropriately in the body of the articulation paper. With our article help you might be sure no one will show signs of improvement mark for the work than you. The amount you could gain while your desk work is being finished by someone, who realizes the best approach to do it accurately! Whenever numerous understudies don't have a chance to arrange a paper or wish to make it all alone, utilizing on the web tests are now and then a decent way out. </p> <p>Utilizing proposition models is a heavenly way to gain from another person's understanding and produce an extraordinary ground-breaking proposition. By downloading an example, you will figure out how to compose response paper and forestall normal mix-ups. A response paper is a sort of composed task, which requests closely-held conviction and decisions on a specific article or unique. Composing a response paper might be a genuine test, however at precisely the same time that it can assist you with enhancing your investigative capacities and offer your feeling with the world!</p>

Examples of Engineering Research Papers Options

<h1> Examples of Engineering Research Papers Options </h1> <p>It's not exactly as simple as composing an article about your mid year excursion, your friends and family, or the past gathering you've been to, as you don't have to do research to find out about your own private experience. You should be sure to comprehend everything unmistakably once you settle on a paper theme. It is less difficult to get familiar with the subject and expound on doing it. </p> <p>Once you carry your article to an obvious end result, don't disregard to give credit to the entirety of your sources and references. When picking your exploration paper point, you need to make certain it is neither exhausting nor exhausted. Remember to forestall written falsification you need to refer to any thoughts which don't originate from you. Make utilizing the recommended inquire about paper subject thoughts and you'll be prosperous.</p> <p>In practice, you're not done perusing a paper until you can address all the inquiries. Using these techniques and direction can assist you with creating a successful research paper. Our expert composing group is accessible 24 hours consistently on the web, which implies you can get your exposition composing task finished in time, anyway short your cutoff time is. </p> <h2> Choosing Good Examples of Engineering Research Papers</h2> <p>You need to make an effect, yet should you go through 5 years on your Masters at that point you're sure to be frustrated when nobody notification or cares. You don't have to know where you wish to be in five decades, yet in the event that you have an unpleasant thought at that point empower that chance by choosing a theory driving toward that path. You should focus regarding your matter of intrigue or energy. You should consider the relationship between authentic logical and innovative disclosures, and the creating moral concerns they've required. </p> <p>For sure this is a solution for decrease the expenses, however all things considered, it would be a fiasco for some poor countries. Administrations of unmistakable countries give a lot of cash on the movement of incredible weapons, which are enacted directly from the space. Numerous countries have been embraced ventures supporting the environmental factors and intending to bring down carbon outflows. Dominant part of the respondents additionally have a yearly gross family salary that doesn't surpass P50,000. </p> <p>It's your business to recognize the abilities you need and ensure that you have them. Agreeable training is another decision. Understudies get the opportunity to follow their own special investigational impulses through undergrad explore. Understudies who plan to work in industry will pick up from the experience of making and finishing an autonomous undertaking from begin to finish. </p> <p>Field preliminaries have been very positive. Electrical ventures are among our significant claims to fame at Edgefx advancements. The ideal method to discover examine openings is to converse with your teachers. It's likewise essential to fuse some of the latest news and advancements in the zone. </p> <p>Several particular subdisciplines are talked about in this part. It's in this way imperative to fathom the meaning of the basic terms for your data to be pertinent. Moreover, we give various points. Settling on a shared theme to compose designing papers can diminish your chances of turning out to be passing marks. </p> <p>A letter of assent will in like manner be sent to them along with an example duplicate of the poll which will be utilized, alongside the convention of the scientist. If you don't mind remark when you have recommendations to add to this guide! Settle on a theme that you could complete rapidly. Nonetheless, picking a thesis point can demonstrate to a be amazingly overwhelming test for most of understudies principally since they are uncertain concerning the locale of research they have to seek after. </p> <h2> Choosing Good Examples of Engineering Research Papers</h2> <p>If you are battling with designing papers, VivaEssays offers the perfect arrangement. As an outcome, the hypothesis supporting the application is given lesser significance and, regularly, creators in the subject of designing think that its intense to make an examination paper for distribution. It's fundamentally essential to choose a fascinating and new research theme so as to convey new ideas to encourage the innovative work approach. Regardless of the intention, the opportunity to complete an examination proposal is one which conveys an important learning experience. </p> <p>You ought to apply standards from different districts of study and join them to make a framework which in actuality works. An exploration framework is a general structure managing an examination undertaking. A great deal of the uses of thermofluid sciences focus on the development of option and economical vitality advancements. Until you've been in a situation to complete the above system, it is plausible you have not yet contemplated the paper. </p>

Essay Sample on How to Finance Your Education

Essay Sample on How to Finance Your EducationEssay sample on how to finance your education is one of the most important considerations when planning an education. A college degree is an investment that cannot be taken for granted. With many programs that promise a college education with the lowest tuition and others that will help you with expenses, there are many ways in which a college degree can be obtained, but it is often not affordable and many do not think that they are able to achieve it.In addition to obtaining a college degree, a lot of people choose to go into business. There are many different positions to choose from; students or workers. It can be very easy to get caught up in the hustle and bustle of life without thinking about how much it will cost. However, it is important to know how much you are able to afford for each part of your life.This is where a good essay can come in handy, especially when it comes to an essay on how to finance your education. It is usually one of the first things that students learn in school, so it should be helpful and informative. Here are a few tips to consider when choosing a topic for your essay.First, consider your audience. How much does this concern them? If your reader is in school or working, it is important to tell them that their educational goals are important, but that it may not be possible for them to achieve it in the immediate future. On the other hand, if they are already in school or currently working, you may want to mention how they can improve their chances of getting the degree they want.You should also think about how prospective student or a student in school should be educated. For instance, a student who wants to major in political science or English is more likely to learn about the world and its politics and history through reading and analyzing information. A student who wants to major in science and math would need a different approach in their essays, focusing on how the tools and te chniques used by scientists can help people understand the world around them.This is why the essay sample on how to finance your education is crucial. It is a great way to inform readers about the benefits of education. For instance, if your reader wants to be an engineer, tell them that their job of working in factories, laboratories, especially in developing countries, can be difficult. It can mean that they have to deal with pollution, germs and diseases that can cause death if not properly monitored. The same can be said about a person who wants to be a nurse or a caretaker of the elderly.There are also other aspects to consider when writing an essay on how to finance your education. For instance, a high school student should be told that they may need to attend a four-year university, as opposed to a two-year school. As for a person who want to pursue a college degree but can't because of financial issues, you may want to inform them about the programs that are available that c an help with loans and credit help.Your essay on how to finance your education should be well researched and include various ideas and perspectives on how it can be done. Take time to make sure that your essay has the right balance of information, knowledge and outlooks.

What You Can Do About Argumentative Essay Topics for Sixth Graders Beginning in the Next Six Minutes

<h1>What You Can Do About Argumentative Essay Topics for Sixth Graders Beginning in the Next Six Minutes </h1> <p>I welcome all remarks or criticism. In the event that you might want to forestall ordinary slip-ups, discover significant suggestions in this useful article. When you have the subject, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. There should be contention regarding the matter in the overall discussion. </p> <p>The previously mentioned subject determination may give you an extremely away from of what things to expound on. The presentation should offer general data which will be remembered for the post. The point must be fascinating, the subject must be basic lastly the theme must be educational. </p> <h2> The Foolproof Argumentative Essay Topics for Sixth Graders Strategy </h2> <p>Daily composing prompts are among without a doubt the most accommodating methodologies to assist kids with figuring out how to communicate and that their thoughts and thoughts matter. Ladies should be fined at whatever point they shout. Begin examining, and begin writing!</p> <p>Additionally, there are part tests you're ready to finish after the last exercises. The goal of allocating an exposition to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and grant them to create composing aptitudes. Since sixth grade understudies may need to make articles all the more oftent imes, they have to look into certain themes previously. There shouldn't be any schoolwork. </p> <h2>New Ideas Into Argumentative Essay Topics for Sixth Graders Never Before Revealed </h2> <p>It is conceivable to likewise rehash the thoughts which you've talked about in the body passages so as to come to your meaningful conclusion substantial. The title that you pick to use for your paper will consistently decide such a great amount about any of this, so a ton more than you may even think about. Simply click the picture underneath and you will be taken to a page where you can understand more and see an intensive see of what's incorporated. It's realized that each tremendous thing begins with little activities. </p> <h2>Argumentative Essay Topics for Sixth Graders Ideas </h2> <p>You may keep on saving your factious papers for your up and coming employment portfolio on the off chance that they're profoundly evaluated. Regardless of whethe r you're an expert in a specific field, don't be reluctant to utilize and refer to outer sources. Albeit some state absolutely free open transportation would help the earth and cut back traffic, others think thoroughly free open transportation is excessively exorbitant, and the legislature can't bear to cover it. Our client service will readily disclose to you whether there are any uncommon proposals right now, notwithstanding ensure you are getting the absolute best help our organization may deliver.</p> <p>Though we've been concentrating how to make a paper since so long, we have always been unable to get the rules under control. There are two or three clear rules to follow as an approach to be in a situation to make a generally excellent convincing article. For the most part, it does exclude references and statements in it. Since the contentious article that you will compose is presumably for your finish of the articulation record, you should attempt to limit the slip -ups in your realities. </p> <p>While making a factious article you ought to investigate each side of the subject lastly, you need to demonstrate why one of them is the most out of the two. Your words should be so convincing. These paper points might be utilized since they are composed, or changed to suit the necessities of the task. There are a ton of charming subjects that could be become an influential article on the off chance that you accept the open door to consider about doing it. </p> <p>Likewise, it must be coherently finished and express a specific thought. Consider picking a point that has been examined by a lot of people. In spite of the fact that individuals accept training is a right and will make society, by and large, a superior spot for everyone, others feel there's no real method to give a free advanced degree as universities would at present must be subsidized (likely through duty dollars). Before understudies start to compose, it is a good thought for them to win a rundown o f the focuses they might want to make to their perusers. </p> <p>Although being able to compose powerfully can seem as though a dubious thing for youngsters to learn, advise them that everybody has legitimate assessments. In the wake of finding our site, you will no longer should trouble loved ones with these sorts of solicitations. Taking everything into account, at the current second school is a huge phase of my life. In seek after of making a superb family. </p> <p>A extraordinary pugnacious exposition is an article where an understudy is prepared to introduce her or his perspectives in a powerful and persuading style, taking the guide of contention for a vehicle for conveying the last end. In a contentious paper, you should remember that you must pick 1 side of the contention. The introduction of each composed work should have an exceptionally clear proposition articulation or contention. It should have a couple of unmistakable ways to deal with it. </ p>

Essay Topics In High School Have Changed Over Time

Essay Topics In High School Have Changed Over TimeThere are many essay topics for the Wizard of Oz essay topics have evolved over the years. From an attention to detail perspective, there was a time when the essay topic was a combination of the topics chosen by the student and a range of essay writing supplies. Essay topics became more specific in terms of what they contained. As the essays began to compete with each other for student consideration, the topics became a little less so.However, today we have hundreds of different types of essay topics. The essay topics are more robust than ever before. One reason is the need to stay competitive with every other writer. Some writers worry that, because there are more essay topics now, the quality will decline. However, because there are more options, the quality should increase.In addition, one reason why the essay topics are more robust is the increase in the variety of subject areas. Within each of these different subject areas, there are several different ways to approach them. There are the conventional essay topics such as literature, history, or art, and there are more specialized topics such as cooking, parenting, business, or health care.Within each of these specialty areas, there are hundreds of different essay topics. Additionally, within these specialty areas, there are several different rules for essay writing.Sometimes these rules make good reasons for many students to write two essays. For example, when writing on cooking, there are several aspects that students will need to be concerned with.The overall texture of the dish must be consistent, but one would want to avoid things like strange flavors and strong spices. Similarly, food items can be classified as vegetables, meat, or seafood. An essay on the difference between the two can be much easier and more powerful, then an essay on the similarities. This is also true for the essay on the differences between wholesome and unwholesome foods.Writing on a topic that is not covered in high school is a challenge, but there are many out there that require very little effort. Depending on the topic, it can be relatively easy to integrate it into an existing essay topic. For example, if the topic of the essay is the six people who created the world we live in, it may be necessary to build upon the essay that discusses the success of the six.Hopefully, this information helps to explain how the essay topics in high school have changed. The ability to be able to apply the ideas found in high school to the topics we find online or in our communities should be a positive, encouraging change for students.

How Can You Help in Writing a Research Paper?

How Can You Help in Writing a Research Paper?The truth is, you can help in writing a research paper as long as you know the basic facts. And once you know them, you can help in any research paper that you want to write. Read on to learn how you can help in writing a research paper.First of all, there are so many things that you need to take into consideration when you start writing a research paper. First of all, you need to decide whether or not you are going to focus on the facts, the trends and facts. You have to focus on your topic so that you know what you need to write about. You also need to make sure that you're making an outline so that you can follow the information step by step.After you are done with the research paper, you have to determine the structure that you're going to use. Then you have to decide how you're going to organize the information that you have. Once you have decided on that, you can start creating the outline of the research paper.Once you have an outli ne, you can make it work for you so that you can help in writing a research paper. It's all about the writing style, the manner in which you work with words. That's the main thing that you need to consider. You need to use proper language that will be easy for readers to understand.Then, you have to have the ability to see where you want to take the research paper. There are a lot of things that you have to decide before you can help in writing a research paper. The thing is, even if you don't have that talent, you can help in writing a research paper if you learn to write well.You can helpin writing a research paper by using professional-looking papers. You need to make sure that you don't just look at the style of writing but you also need to look at the quality of writing. Make sure that you have written a good research paper because it can influence other things that you do in the future.So now that you know how you can help in writing a research paper, make sure that you give i t a try. You will be happy that you did because you will be able to help your classmates, professors and other colleagues who read your research paper.

Perseverance Teaching Habits And Attitudes For The 21st...

Perseverance 1. Consider the habitude of perseverance as it is defined in the text, Classroom Habitudes: Teaching Habits and Attitudes for the 21st Century. Mentally identify times in your life when you experienced perseverance. Briefly describe one experience, which would be appropriate to share with the students in your placement. 1. One experience that I could describe to my students that showcased my ability to have perseverance was when I was in the fourth grade and wanted to hit a softball over a fence. When I was younger my biggest passion was playing softball. I went to every practice, every game, and practiced outside of the required practices. During the nights when my team did not have mandatory practices, I would beg my dad†¦show more content†¦I like to think to myself, that softball is still buried deep in those woods, and maybe one day someone will find it and try to achieve the same goal I had and have the perseverance to never give up and continue to try. 2. How might your students be able to relate to the experience? 1. My students might be able to relate to this experience because this experience took place around their age. This year I will be with third graders and I believe if they hear a story about myself that is close to their age they will be able to have the same perseverance that I had at that young of an age. Also, growing up close to my placement county, Jones county, and being placed in the county before, I know that Jones county is very big on sports and my past students all played a sport; therefore, I feel that a lot of my students will be able to relate this experience to themselves. Not only do I believe my experiences will inspire my students to continue on and try their best in sports, but I believe it will inspire them to persevere through tough times in school because it’s an experience that teaches never to give up and hard work pays off. 3. What might they learn from your sharing? 1. I believe students will learn from me sharing my experiences the idea that to achieve goals takes hard work and time. Some goals cannot be achieved over night, but through perseverance and dedication they can be reached. Also, through my experience I hope they understand that sometimes goalsShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking - Literature Review12815 Words   |  52 Pagessolving problems. Background knowledge is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for enabling critical thought within a given subject. Critical thinking involves both cognitive skills and dispositions. These dispositions, which can be seen as attitudes or habits of mind, include openand fair-mindedness, inquisitiveness, flexibility, a propensity to seek reason, a desire to be wellinformed, and a respect for and willingness to entertain diverse viewpoints. There are both general- and domain-specificRead MoreCreative Dance7322 Words   |  30 Pagesadaptation to partners and groups. 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Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S PrefaceRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesincome comes from its customers, not from Wall Street. NEW LEADERSHIP AND NEW MANAGEMENT MODELS ARE REQUIRED TO MEET THE BREADTH OF NEW CUSTOMER DEMANDS Most management leaders fully understand that the one certainty in the volcanic twenty-first-century economy is that the terrain on which their businesses will operate tomorrow will be shaped differently from the terrain of today. They recognize that the business requirement is to lead accordingly, and they know that this type of leadership requires

english 2nd semester Example For Students

english 2nd semester abstraction something not; a quality separated from an object complemented that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection concrete something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) equating treating or regarding as the same Queen Elizabeth I Five members of the Tudor family ruled England from 1485 to 1603. f those one hundred eighteen years, Queen Elizabeth I ruled for forty-five (1558-1603). During her reign, the religious, political, economic, and intellectual changes that had begun under her grandfather, Henry VII, and her father, Henry VIII, reached a climax. The result was a flourishing of the arts and patriotism. As Queen, Elizabeth not only ruled, but also gloriously represented the spirit of her times. Both she and her people loved and lived life with zest. The Elizabethan Age was one of exuberance and enthusiasm. The medieval focus on life after death gave way to an *Elizabethan emphasis on the here and now.* Though still religious, Elizabeths subjects vigorously pursued the pleasures and benefits of worldly living. Religion itself had been a source of controversy and struggle in England since the reign of Henry VIII. *When the Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, so that he could marry Anne Boleyn, Henry cut ties with the Church in Rome and established himself as the head of the Anglican Church of England.* Thus, Henry VIII introduced the Protestant Reformation, begun in Germany, to England. Though Henry generally maintained a balance between the Protestant and Catholic elements, his successors did not. The power struggle between religions accelerated under Henrys son and immediate successor, Edward VI, and under Mary, Henrys daughter by Catherine and successor to Edward. After Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, took the throne, she definitively established the Anglican Church. One of the greatest crises England encountered during Elizabeths reign was an *attack by the powerful Spanish navy. In July 1588*, Philip II of Spain sent his Invincible Armada to invade England. The Spaniards lost over sixty-three ships and nine thousand men, and Spanish dominion of the seas was ended. England ruled the seas and her spirit of pride and patriotism soared. The Elizabethan Age was a period of geographical explorations and expansion. Consequently, England emerged as a leader in the European race to build commercial empires. Trade with distant countries provided a new source of wealth to the middle class merchants. Enjoying the spirit of success, England was an eager recipient of the spirit of rebirth or reawakening that was influencing the thought of sixteenth-century Europe. This rebirth, later labeled by historians as the *Renaissance*, was sparked by a renewed interest in the classics of ancient Greece and Rome. It also resulted in a burst of creativity in, and cultivation of, the fine arts; in a growth in the spirit of individualism; in an expansion of intellectual thought; and in a new insight into the purpose and significance of the human person. The Renaissance *emphasis on the magnificence and wonder of the individual person, as well as of the surrounding world*, encouraged Elizabethans to consider life as more than a process of waiting for life after death. *They believed that life was exciting and beautiful and should be enjoyed immediately.* Shakespeares Hamlet exclaims, What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable. The Renaissance ideal expanded the concept of the individual to include all aspects—spiritual, rational, emotional, and physical—of the human personality. The Elizabethan exuberance, therefore, was a reflection of a seemingly limitless desire to know, to do, and to be. The English literature of the Renaissance offers ample proof of the Elizabethan respect for life and beauty, wherever it may be found. Match the description to the date or term. 1. defeat of the Spanish Armada 2. end of Tudor reign 3. daughter of Anne Boleyn 4. daughter of Catherine 5. Tudor reign in England 6. Renaissance 1. 1588 2. 1603 3. Elizabeth 4. Mary 5. 1485-1603 6. rebirth Richard Tottels collection ______ was the first such collection made and became popularly known as _____. Songs and Sonnets; Tottels Miscellany Elizabethan Poetry Elizabethan poetry offers a variety of thoughts in words and rhythms that are pleasing to hear. The exuberance of the Elizabethan Age often expressed itself in songs, some spontaneous and others carefully designed. The development of musical Instruments such as the *virginal and viola da gamba* complemented this impulse to sing. Nearly everyone in Elizabethan times could sing or play a musical instrument. *In 1577, Richard Tottel published the first collection of songs and lyrics under the title Songs and Sonnets.* This book, however, usually is called *Tottels Miscellany*. Similar songbooks soon appeared, some with titles such as *The Paradise of Dainty Devices and The Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inventions*. Like these titles, many of the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate; others, however, were clear and simple. Elizabethan songs often alluded to Greek mythology. Such references are a natural way for Renaissance songwriters to express their admiration of classical times. In the poem The Triumph of Charis the poet used Charis as his subject. In Greek mythology, Charis is the personification of beauty and charm. Song Questions Which song focuses on the fickleness of men? -Song from Much Ado About Nothing Which song is a morning, awakening song? -from Cymbeline Which song would a mother most likely sing to a child at bedtime? -Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes What does Charis triumph over in the song The Triumph of Charis? -Her beauty and charm have all men wishing to be by her side. What is the conceit in There is a Garden in her Face? NOTE: A conceit is a literary device that compares two dissimilar things. -The womens lips are compared to cherries because she will not allow anyone to kiss them until she cries Cherry-Ripe. (line 6) Choose the sense that the poet appeals to in the last two lines of each stanza. -hearing (Spring, the Sweet Spring from Summers Last Will and Testament, by Thomas Nashe) Which line offers the best example of alliteration? -line one Full Fadom1, five thy father lies Personification Personification is a figure of speech by which the author gives human forms and traits to something that is not human (inanimate object, animal, abstraction). Poets use personification to help sharpen the readers interest and understanding. In Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes, Thomas Dekker uses personification in the first and second lines: Golden slumbers kiss your eyes,/ Smiles awake you when you rise. Allusion If you thought that the Song from Cymbeline was the least simple and clear, your response was well founded. In that song, William Shakespeare uses an allusion, a figure of speech that can add a touch of sophistication. An allusion is a reference, direct or indirect, to a well-known literary, scriptural, or historical event or person. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare refers to Phoebus, also known as Phoebus Apollo, the sun god of the ancient Greeks. To better understand the world around them, the Greeks frequently explained a natural-but still mysterious-phenomenon, such as the sun, by equating it with a god. In turn, to better understand this god, they personified him. Thus, the sun and the god who represented it are humanized. Shakespeare referred to this sun god when he spoke of Phoebus, as a person who gins arise to start the day. Imagery In his effort to involve the reader, the poet often uses imagery; that is, he uses clear, concrete details that appeal to the readers senses. An image is sometimes defined in literature classes as a word picture. More exactly, an image is a word or phrase that encourages the reader to hear, touch, smell, taste, and see the poets subjects. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare helps the reader to see the flowers by showing the shape (cup-shaped) of some and color (golden) of others. Elizabethan poets frequently used an elaborate and exaggerated image called a conceit. In this figure of speech, the writer makes a comparison between two things that are normally considered very dissimilar. Match the example to the term. 1. the fields breathe sweet 2. Phoebus 3. bag of the bee 4. first collection of songs and lyrics 5. The Triumph of Charis 1. personification 2. allusion 3. imagery 4. Richard Tottel 5. Ben Jonson Match the definition to the word. 1. something not concrete; a quality separated from an object 2. that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection 3. something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) 4. treating or regarding as the same 1. abstraction 2. complemented 3. concrete 4. equating Thomas Campion uses elaborate imagery to help the reader see his lovely lady. Match the comparison that the poet uses to the feature of his loves face. 1. roses and lilies 2. cherries 3. garden 4. rosebuds filled with snow 5. angels 6. pearls 7. bent bows 1. her cheeks 2. her lips 3. her face 4. her lips and teeth 5. her eyes 6. her teeth 7. her eyebrows According to Ariel, how many feet under the sea is Ferdinands father? 30 In this poem, Ferdinands fathers eyes have become _____ and his bones have become _____. pearls; coral courtier an attendant at a royal court sequences continuous or related series Sonnet Lyric poetry is highly subjective. It expresses the feeling or attitude of the poet. The sonnet is a specialized type of lyric poetry that was popular in Elizabethan England. The sonnet had its origin in Italy (the word means *little song* in Italian) where it had been perfected by the poet *Francesco Petrarch*. Introduced into England in the early sixteenth century by *Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey*, the sonnet soon became a literary fashion. *Three famous sonneteers of the Elizabethan Age were Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare.* John Donne is noted for his religious sonnets. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) was a poet, critic, scholar, diplomat, courtier, and soldier. He offers an example of the ideal Renaissance man. At 32, Sidney took part in a military expedition to Holland. He was fatally wounded during a skirmish there, and, according to a traditional story, he offered his own bottle of water to another dying man because he believed the soldiers need was greater than his own. He died as he had lived: as a gentleman. With his Astrophel and Stella, Sidney sparked the popularity of writing sonnet sequences. He addressed his sequence to Penelope Devereux; but gave his lady a name taken from Greek and Roman literature, as did some of the other Elizabethan poets. Stella means star; Astrophel means star-lover. Like most other Elizabethan sonnet sequences, Astrophel and Stella focuses on the poets love for a beautiful woman. The sonnets you will read are two of the 108 sonnets in Astrophel and Stella. Although he used variations, Sir Philip Sidney followed the Italian sonnet form more closely than any other Elizabethan writer. (has Sonnet XXXI and Sonnet XLI as examples) Match the description to the person or term. 1. brought sonnet to England 2. fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter 3. octave/sestet 4. three quatrains and a couplet 5. famous sonneteer 1. Wyatt and Surrey 2. sonnet 3. Italian Sonnet 4. English Sonnet 5. Edmund Spenser In the Italian sonnet, the ______ contains the answer to the problem presented in the ______. sestet; octave The ______ is the first eight lines of an ______. octave; Italian Sonnet archaic belonging to an earlier period, antiquated immortalize to give lasting fame to something or someone quest a seeking or search Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). Considered one of the greatest English poets, he was the successor to Chaucer in the development of English poetry. After his graduation from Cambridge, Spenser spent four years in the household of the Earl of Leicester, Philip Sidneys uncle and a favorite courtier of Queen Elizabeth. Then he accepted a government assignment in Ireland, where he remained until shortly before his death. Spensers most famous work is *The Faerie Queen*, the longest poem in the English language. The Faerie Queen of the poem is Gloriana, a symbol of Queen Elizabeth to whom he dedicated this masterpiece. The name of Spensers sonnet sequence is *Amoretti* (Little Loves). Spensers sonnets sprang from a real, personal love for Elizabeth Boyle, his future wife. Spenser wrote in a quaint and archaic language; therefore, his poetry is often reprinted in Elizabethan spelling to give a true representation of his style. You should have no trouble understanding the sonnets if you pronounce the words as they are spelled and keep in mind that a u is used as a w or a v. (shows Sonnet XV XXXIV for examples) Spenser used a simile to develop Sonnet XXXIV. A simile is a figure of speech that expresses a similarity between two objects, using like or as. A metaphor is a figure of speech that does not use like or as to compare two objects. Spenser, as you have seen, developed a sonnet pattern of his own. In the Spenserian sonnet, the thought is developed through three sets of rhyme. Each set introduces the rhyme of the next: abab bcbc cdcd. The last two lines introduce a new rhyme—ee—that summarizes the idea of the sonnet. Questions Lesson 3 The English sonnet is also called the Spenserian sonnet. false The rhyme scheme of Sonnet XV and Sonnet XXXIV are abba abba cdcd ee. false The poet compares himself to a ship. true What, according to the speaker, is the fairest treasure of his loved one? her mind A metaphor compares two things without using like or as. true The Italian sonnet is also called a Petrarchan sonnet. true The word this in the last line refers to the sonnet The poetic device used in line 6 is personification According to the poet, the summer is inferior to the subject of his poem because: ______. Select all that apply. it is too short it is too hot it dies Choose the rhyme scheme of Sonnet XXIX (Presume possessd rhymes with least. ). abab cdcd efef gg What is the metaphor in Line 7? Love is compared to the guiding star for all earthly travelers. What is the best restatement of the first sentence? Let me not speak out against why two true-minded people should be married. What type of sonnet is this? Italian In Sonnet XV, why does the speaker not think merchants need to seek for precious things in far away places? because his lady contains all riches within herself The eye of heaven is the sun What two reasons does the speaker give for why all fair things decline? nature and chance What does Donne not say that death is a slave to? sickness What is the sonnet seeking to define? love Which of the following is not a sonnet popularly used during the Elizabethan Age? All were used. (Spenserian, Petrarchan, Italian, English) The rhyme scheme of the following lines is _____. High diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jumped over the moon. The little Dog laughed To see such craft, And the Dish ran away with the Spoon. a, a, b, c, c, b Something ________ is not able to be perceived by the senses. abstract A(n) _____ is a figure of speech which compares two dissimilar things. conceit Something ________ can be perceived by one or more of the five senses. concrete The literary technique whereby human qualities are given to things not human is called ________. personification Using a reference to someone or something that is well known is called _____. allusion The repetition of initial consonants is called ______. alliteration Why would alliteration of the letter s add to the description of a fire? The repeated sounds imitate fire hissing. Why would a poet want to use alliteration? to create a sound effect by repeating sounds To _______ something or someone is to give it lasting fame. immortalize Poets often use _______ to help the reader see, hear, touch, taste, or feel the subject. imagery A metaphor _____. is a direct comparison T/F: A sonnet is a ten-line poem without a rhyme scheme. false All sonnets have a total of __ lines. 14 In Greek mythology, ______ is the personification of beauty and charm. Charis T/F: Phoebus Apollo is the sun god of Greek mythology. true T/F: All the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate. false The rhythm pattern of all sonnets is called ________. iambic pentameter T/F: All sonnets have the same rhyme scheme. false Match the phrase that describes his sonnets with the poet. 1. addresses his sonnets to Stella 2. bases his sonnets on a love for his future wife 3. bases his sonnets on religious thought 4. addresses some of his sonnets to a Dark Lady 1. Sidney 2. Spenser 3. Donne 4. Shakespeare A poet uses ______ at the end of lines to tie together thoughts and to produce pleasure with the repetitious sounds. rhyme Sonnet IV What is the rhyme scheme of Sonnet LV? -abab cdcd efef gg To which of your senses do the images in Lines 1 and 4 appeal? sight What line number states how long the subject of the poem will live? -line 13 Which of the following is not mentioned in the poem as an element that destroys man-made monuments and memories? -future What theme, commonly used by Shakespeare, does Sonnet LV illustrate? -A poet can immortalize love and beauty in his poetry. In which line does the poet use allusion? -line 7 What line number states why the subject of the poem will live so long? -line 14 allegory a story in which people, things, and happenings have another meaning anachronistic out of its proper historical time incongruities things or ideas that are not in agreement with each other or are not compatible patronage support or protection given by someone playwright a person who writes plays raucous rough-sounding scaffold a temporary wooden stage secularized not of religious significance setting actual physical surroundings or scenery; also, the time and place of an action vagabonds shiftless, idle, or disreputable persons Church plays The origins of English drama are the church plays of the Middle Ages. These plays were a part or an extension of the church service. Their original purpose was to *help the uneducated congregation understand the Latin masses* (i.e., the readings of scripture were acted out so that those who could not understand the language could still get the meaning). The lines of the plays, in their earliest form, were chanted or sung. Eventually, the plays became so elaborate and so humorous that they were no longer appropriate for this setting, and were therefore, transferred outdoors. Once outside, both the plays and the audiences lost more and more of their formality. Latin gave way to the native language. Plays grew more humorous and lighthearted, and audiences became more rambunctious; eventually, churches forbade the productions. mystery plays The plays found new support from the town authorities who used the trade guilds as dramatic companies. Guildsmen provided money for costumes, stage properties, and actors wages. The plays came to be called mystery plays. Although *secularized in production, the plays were based on the Bible*. The plays were performed in a *cycle*, a series of short plays that formed one long narrative. Sometimes the individual plays within the cycle were performed on fixed stages or stations, and the crowds moved from station to station to see the entire cycle. Usually, however, individual plays were performed on separate wagons that moved to the spectators who were gathered at various predetermined locations in the city. Moving in succession, the wagons brought the entire cycle to the waiting crowds. These wagons were called *pageants*. The design of a pageant usually reflected its purpose and relationship to a specific guild. miracle plays Another dramatic form of medieval England was the miracle play. Although similar to the mystery plays, the miracle plays were based on the lives of the saints. morality plays Developed in the Late Middle Ages, the morality play was a dramatized *allegory*. In it, abstract virtues and vices—like mercy and shame—were personified. The most famous morality play is *Everyman*, in which Everyman, who represents all people, receives a summons from Death. interludes is a dramatic form that is considered a transition from medieval morality plays to Elizabethan drama. The original definition of an interlude is unknown, but it is believed to have begun during the reign of Henry VIII as a brief skit between the courses of a banquet. The word ultimately suggested a play brief enough to be presented between events of a dramatic performance, entertainment, or feast. *Court interludes* were realistic and humorous and intended primarily to amuse. *John Heywood* was the best-known writer of interludes; his most famous one is *The Four Ps.* This interlude presents a debate among a Palmer, a Pardoner, and a Pothecary. A Pedlar acts as a judge to determine who can tell the biggest lie. The Palmer wins when he claims that he never saw a woman lose her temper. (A palmer was a type of religious pilgrim; a pardoner sold indulgences; a pothecary was an early pharmacist; and a pedlar, now spelled peddler, was a traveling salesperson.) Middle Ages and Renaissance - MUSC 1010Why was Denmark preparing for a possible war? Select all that apply. -Hamlets father had killed the king of Norway. -Hamlets father had won some land from Norway. -The Norwegian kings son planned to avenge his father. Act I, scene ii questions T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true? T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true T/F: Hamlet agrees to remain in Denmark rather than return to where he had been living. -true T/F: The present king of Norway is aware of Fortinbrass activities. -true T/F: Obviously, Claudius neither likes nor trusts Polonius. -false T/F: King Hamlet had been dead six months when Claudius and Gertrude were married. -false Reread Hamlets soliloquy in Act I, scene ii. Check three reasons why he was depressed enough to even think of self-destruction. -his fathers death -Claudius role as king and stepfather -distrust for his mothers love for his father According to the Elizabethan definition of the term, which of the following is a tragedy? Loneliness and despair overwhelm a rich old man who had never taken time to make true friends. pompous quality of being filled with self-importance SECOND UNIT dissenter one that holds a different opinion, such as an English Nonconformist emigrate to leave a home to live elsewhere maneuver to scheme, to trick nonconformist a person who does not conform to the Church of England parish a local church community; an area committed to one pastor suppressive tending to put down, keeping from public knowledge the commonwealth and earlier *Commonwealth is the term used to describe the Puritans control of English government from 1649 until 1660.* To understand how the Puritans became powerful enough to gain control of England, you must first understand who the Puritans were. The term Puritan was probably first applied during Elizabethan times to those men, mostly craftsmen and citizens of the flourishing bourgeois group, who believed that the Church of England should be purified of unnecessary ritual that was no longer meaningful and of organization that was no longer able to reach individual members. These dissenters resented their governments imposing on them what they considered a corrupt faith. Parish priests of the Church of England were awarded their positions by being the owner of the most land in the area. The clergymans payment came out of parish tax funds and, once established, was automatic. Once a vicar was given a parish, he almost always kept that parish. The overseeing bishops were appointed by the monar ch. Thus, by the time of Elizabeths successor, James I (see Chart 2), seemingly no division existed between church and state. Tax money supported the church, and the king governed it. Anglicans, members of the Church of England, feared these Puritans and other dissenters, or Nonconformists, because they rebelled not only against the church but also against the state since church and state were so closely related. Fearful Anglicans made laws to enforce conformity to the Church of England. One such law was responsible for John Bunyans stay in Bedford jail, influencing his work Pilgrims Progress. These laws forced Puritans further away from the party of the king. James I himself widened that division by insisting on his absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. James wished to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain, a wish that further angered the Puritans, who felt that the Roman Catholic Church was idolatrous and went against their wishes to purify the church of unnecessary rituals. His son, Charles I, was so eager to control England without Parliament that no Parliament was convened from *1629 to 1640* (see Chart 1). Moreover, Charles clearly preferred Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. This period was so difficult for the Puritans that nearly twenty thousand emigrated to America. In 1640, when the newly convened Parliament refused to give Charles money to quiet unrest in Scotland, the stage was set for the *Civil War, which began in 1642*(-1645), *between the kings forces (sometimes called Cavaliers or Royalists) and the Puritans (also called Roundheads ).* Puritans felt justified in defying the king because they disapproved of his desire to insert politics into religion. In 1645, the Puritans won the Civil War. In *1649*, after some Puritan maneuvering in Parliament, *Charles I was executed*. Thus, in 1649, the Commonwealth began its eleven-year existence. During this period, Parliament was the ruling body until *1653*, when the Puritan leader of the Parliamentary forces, Oliver Cromwell, was declared *Lord Protector*. *Oliver Cromwell* died in 1658. His son could not prevent an invitation to Charles II to return to England as king. By this time, most English citizens had become tired of the Puritan governments suppressive actions, which included *closing theaters by Parliamentary act from 1642 to 1660*, beheading the Archbishop of Canterbury, and evicting Anglican clergymen from their parishes. The English were eager to celebrate Charles IIs return. *Thus in 1660, Charles II was made king, and the English monarchy was restored.* restoration of Charles II The Restoration did not altogether quiet the discontent that had led to civil war. Anglicans still feared Puritan influence; and Puritans, as well as many Anglicans, feared renewed Roman Catholic pressure from the monarchy. Less important uprisings occurred in 1678, 1685, and finally, in 1688. Even though Charles IIs Act of Grace had pardoned those Puritans not directly responsible for Charles Is death, nearly two thousand clergy with Puritan leanings left the Church of England in 1661. By 1672, the *Test Act* forced all officers of the state, both civil and military, to prove their sympathies by taking communion according to the form of the Church of England. Charles Is Roman Catholic preferences had so frightened the English that they readily believed *Titus Oates* (1649-1705) who invented a *Popish Plot.* According to Oates, in the Popish Plot, Roman Catholics were supposed to have planned to assassinate Charles II and other political leaders so that they could place his brother J ames II (a strong Roman Catholic) on the throne. Memories and resentments of previous Roman Catholic injustices were still fresh: *Queen Bloody Mary I*, daughter of Henry VIII, had burned Protestants at the stake only a century earlier; and the Roman Catholic-inspired *Gunpowder Plot* (when Guy Fawkes was prepared to blow up the king and Parliament) had happened in 1605. Once again this fear, based on the imaginary Popish Plot, renewed violence; some thirty-five people were executed for supposed treason. When James II took the throne in 1685 at his brothers death, he confirmed some of those fears. In 1688, he imprisoned seven bishops of the Church of England in the London Tower. When his second wife bore a son, many feared the obvious Roman Catholic heir to the throne. Fortunately, English Protestants found a solution without the execution of another king. James IIs daughter Mary, who was heiress to the throne, had been contracted to marry William of Orange of Protestant Holland. William was quickly invited to England to insure Protestantism in 1688. This turn of events caused James and many of his followers, known as *Jacobites*, to flee to France. William and Marys acceptance of the throne was known as *The Glorious Revolution.* At that time, Parliament was given the power to determine the succession to the throne. That revolution provided for political and religious toleration, and thus brought government reform agreeable to the English majority. What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. questions Which of the following did not strive to keep literature alive and to inform the public of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? -Oliver Cromwell Which of the following serious problems did England encounter as cities became industrialized? Select all that apply. -pollution -slums -decrease in literacy The ___ was the Puritan government after Charles Is execution, lasting until the Restoration in 1660. -Commonwealth Who fought the civil war taking place in 1642 to 1645? -The Royalists and the Roundheads What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. The Commonwealth ended in ____ when ___ was invited back to England as King. -1660; Charles II To what event does the Restoration refer? -Charles II was invited back to England to be king. What form of discrimination was not used against the Puritans immediately after the Restoration? -Some Puritans were shipped to Africa. what WAS used: 1. Clergymen with Puritan sympathies lost their positions. 2. All officers of the state were forced by the Test Act to take communion according to the Church of England. 3. Some Puritans were imprisoned. What is one reason why the English were afraid of a Roman Catholic monarch? -Unpleasant memories of Bloody Mary, who had burned Protestants at the stake, remained. In 1605, Roman Catholic-inspired Guy Fawkes conspired against the king and Parliament. His plan was known as the ___. -Gunpowder Plot What were the followers of James II called? -Jacobites What was The Glorious Revolution? -William and Mary were invited to take the throne, causing Parliament to control the succession to the throne. displaced forced from home effeminate unmanly lyrical suitable for music; expressing intense emotion; enthusiastic periodical something published with a fixed interval between issues or numbers propagandist one who spreads ideas to help an institution sensibility use of emotionalism as opposed to rationalism sentimental overly emotional, giving enjoyment at the expense of emotions, and idealizing human nature theme the central idea in a literary work revolution to post 1750s When William and Mary were invited to England, Parliament became more powerful. Two political parties, the *Tories and Whigs*, emerged to struggle for control of Parliament during Williams reign. The Tories ancestors were, supposedly, the Royalists of the earlier seventeenth century. The Whigs ancestors had been anti-Royalist. The Tories supported the present order of the church and state and were mainly landowners and lower-level clergymen. Whigs usually supported commerce, religious tolerance, and Parliamentary reform. These parties, however, were hardly like todays parties; they were more like groups of politicians allied to promote common interests. William III reigned jointly with Mary II until *1694* (when *Mary died* of smallpox) and as sole ruler until 1702. His reign was marked by military matters, a characteristic the Tories were quick to criticize. He quieted Jacobite uprisings in Scotland, subdued Ireland, and conducted a continental war against France to stop her influence and control. William was not popular with the Tories because of his connections with *Holland*. The Dutch were seen by the English as money-grabbing merchants. The Tory *Jonathan Swift* satirized the Dutch in Book Three of Gullivers Travels by portraying their merchants stomping on a crucifix to persuade the Japanese to trade with them. *William was killed* by a fall from his horse *in 1702*. Anne, Williams sister-in-law, became Queen until 1714. The Whigs remained in power and continued military activities to boost the economy. The Tories continued to complain until *1710 when they came into power*. The Tories finally calmed the war with France. Jonathan Swift became their chief propagandist. These years, however, were not calm. Roman Catholics were still feared in spite of the *Toleration Act of 1689*, which permitted Protestant dissenters to hold their own services instead of attending those of the Church of England. After *Annes death in 1714*, the crown went to George I of Hanover, a small kingdom that later became part of Germany (see Chart 2). The *Hanover kings, who ruled until 1820*, were criticized for their preference for the German language over English, their preference in music and unimportant scholarly matters, and their controversial personal lives. Yet they did bring stability to the throne while tremendous social and economic changes swept the country. 1750s and following The 1750s began a period of rapid changes brought on by industrialization, shifting social classes, and continuing expansion of the British Empire. One such series of changes has sometimes been called the *agricultural revolution*, although that title is probably an overstatement. It was caused by landowners who were still suffering financially from the civil war. They decided to reorganize their land and buy more land to make their farming more efficient. They then enclosed the land for their own use, a move given the title of Enclosure Acts, and consequently prevented small farmers and squatters from using the land that had once supported them. These landowners began to develop better farming methods, such as the rotation of crops and the draining of marshes, and invented improved farm machinery, but in so doing displaced many of the rural poor. Along with farming improvements came improved spinning and mining methods. Finally, by the 1750s, spinning and weaving machinery powered by steam began what is known as the *Industrial Revolution*. Inventions developed rapidly to produce goods more quickly and in greater volume. Some of those rural poor who had been driven from their land began to cluster in newly industrialized areas to find employment. Their living conditions eventually became so intolerable that Parliament later enacted reform bills to feed and educate these groups. The Anglican Church further eroded as some members realized how the churchs complicated structure prevented it from reaching the masses of poor people. The Anglican clergyman John Wesley and his followers broke away from the Anglicans to form the Methodist Church. Growing industries at home and trade to other parts of the expanding British Empire produced higher-level jobs and a growing middle class. Old, established families were losing money and power, while families with unrecognized reputations began to acquire the wealth necessary to have political power. As money became more important, a classical university education became less important. Education was thinly spread at lower levels to produce a wider, but less educated, reading public, and periodicals, which could be read quickly and easily, were becoming more popular. Meanwhile, England became more committed to commercial and political expansion. With the *Peace of Paris* at the end of the *Seven Years War* in 1763, (started 1756) England gained the two subcontinents of *Canada and India*. It had given much money to protect the Americans from the French and to promote western expansion in America. The British were truly unable to understand why the Americans seemed unwilling to aid the British taxpayers. Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, and Oliver Goldsmith warned of the consequences of the greed, corruption, and violence that plagued this period in British history. writers reactions The literature of these centuries was politically conscious; major writers were deeply committed to making their readers understand the significance of current events. The two Puritans John Milton and John Bunyan had been active in the Commonwealth. Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost and Bunyans allegory Pilgrims Progress do not deal directly with political themes, but they emphasize the battle between good and evil in all human beings. They contrast with the literature written to entertain Charles IIs court, literature that shows a renewed influence from France: witty and sparkling satire, carefully structured drama, and themes sometimes lacking moral values. Writers who lived in political, economic, and social disorder were concerned with imposing order and organization on their writing. The period from 1660 to 1700 is sometimes called the Neoclassical period because writers, especially poets, used their knowledge of Greek and Latin literature to perfect literary forms. One such perfected form is the heroic couplet, which you will examine later. Most important, writers were concerned with placing man in an orderly world in which he knew his position and observed the rest of the world with educated but restrained criticism. Writers, especially from 1688 to 1745 (sometimes called the period of common sense), felt a public responsibility to evaluate the quality of life, just as their classical models had. Along with this critical responsibility, they stressed the importance of a reasonable, logical approach. Realism was important in describing mans actions and his social position. Finally, a controlled approach to religion was important. They distrusted emotional shows of faith and revelations that would not stem from intellectual examination. They believed that the religious experience was rational and must be observed by the intellect. These four characteristics all appear in the works of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, both of whom used satire as a weapon against, and as instruction for, the newly educated masses. Writers from 1745 to the end of the century became more sentimental and even more moral. Their literature is sometimes called the literature of sensibility. These writers wrote lyrical emotional works with emphasis on the common man or on times in the distant past. They were interested in supernatural elements (usually to instruct and prepare the soul for death), and in the beauties of a higher power in nature. They often probed the effects of melancholy. Finally, writers found new ways to reach the public. They wrote moral or satiric essays in periodicals, such as The Tatler (1709), Spectator (1711), and The Gentlemans Magazine (1731). They also developed a new literary form, the novel, describing middle class people dealing with middle class problems. At that time, a novel was mainly a fictitious narrative, a story having no factual basis, with a closely knit plot of epic scope and a unity of theme. John Bunyan and Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe, pioneered realistic detail and lengthened narratives. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), Henry Fielding (1707-1754), Tobias Smollet (1721-1771), and Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) are the important novelists of the period. Their novels are still delightful to read and have influenced countless novelists since then, including Charles Dickens. questions T/F: The Tories were members of one of two political parties; they had Royalist preferences and supported the church and state already existing. -true T/F: The Whigs had Royalist preferences and usually supported commerce, religious toleration, and Parliamentary reform. -false T/F: Jonathan Swift wrote to further the Tory cause. -true Jonathan Swift used Book Three of Gullivers Travels to satirize the ___ because of Williams connections with ___. -Dutch; Holland T/F: The agricultural revolution was the enclosing of land to produce smaller estates and smaller profits. -false T/F: The Industrial Revolution began in the 1750s with inventions such as spinning and weaving machinery driven by steam. -true T/F: One of the lands England gained by the Peace of Paris was India. -true What were the dates of the Seven Years War? -1756 to 1763 The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. critical responsibility use of reason and logic use of realism suspicion of emotionalism rational expression of religious views -common sense The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. moral themes sentimental tone lyrical movement emotional appeal emphasis on common man or the past interest in the supernatural interest in melancholy -sensibility Early novels were primarily ___ and dealt with problems faced by ___ members of society. -fictional; middle class Periodicals that contained moral or satiric essays in the first half of the eighteenth century were: _____. -The Spectator -The Tatler -The Gentlemans Magazine Some early novelists of this period were: _____. -Henry Fielding -Daniel Defoe -Samuel Richardson Writers who used Greek and Latin literature to perfect their literary forms belonged to the ___ period of literature. -Neoclassical Who were two authors who used satire to instruct the newly-educated masses? -Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift