english 2nd semester Example For Students

english 2nd semester abstraction something not; a quality separated from an object complemented that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection concrete something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) equating treating or regarding as the same Queen Elizabeth I Five members of the Tudor family ruled England from 1485 to 1603. f those one hundred eighteen years, Queen Elizabeth I ruled for forty-five (1558-1603). During her reign, the religious, political, economic, and intellectual changes that had begun under her grandfather, Henry VII, and her father, Henry VIII, reached a climax. The result was a flourishing of the arts and patriotism. As Queen, Elizabeth not only ruled, but also gloriously represented the spirit of her times. Both she and her people loved and lived life with zest. The Elizabethan Age was one of exuberance and enthusiasm. The medieval focus on life after death gave way to an *Elizabethan emphasis on the here and now.* Though still religious, Elizabeths subjects vigorously pursued the pleasures and benefits of worldly living. Religion itself had been a source of controversy and struggle in England since the reign of Henry VIII. *When the Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce from his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, so that he could marry Anne Boleyn, Henry cut ties with the Church in Rome and established himself as the head of the Anglican Church of England.* Thus, Henry VIII introduced the Protestant Reformation, begun in Germany, to England. Though Henry generally maintained a balance between the Protestant and Catholic elements, his successors did not. The power struggle between religions accelerated under Henrys son and immediate successor, Edward VI, and under Mary, Henrys daughter by Catherine and successor to Edward. After Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, took the throne, she definitively established the Anglican Church. One of the greatest crises England encountered during Elizabeths reign was an *attack by the powerful Spanish navy. In July 1588*, Philip II of Spain sent his Invincible Armada to invade England. The Spaniards lost over sixty-three ships and nine thousand men, and Spanish dominion of the seas was ended. England ruled the seas and her spirit of pride and patriotism soared. The Elizabethan Age was a period of geographical explorations and expansion. Consequently, England emerged as a leader in the European race to build commercial empires. Trade with distant countries provided a new source of wealth to the middle class merchants. Enjoying the spirit of success, England was an eager recipient of the spirit of rebirth or reawakening that was influencing the thought of sixteenth-century Europe. This rebirth, later labeled by historians as the *Renaissance*, was sparked by a renewed interest in the classics of ancient Greece and Rome. It also resulted in a burst of creativity in, and cultivation of, the fine arts; in a growth in the spirit of individualism; in an expansion of intellectual thought; and in a new insight into the purpose and significance of the human person. The Renaissance *emphasis on the magnificence and wonder of the individual person, as well as of the surrounding world*, encouraged Elizabethans to consider life as more than a process of waiting for life after death. *They believed that life was exciting and beautiful and should be enjoyed immediately.* Shakespeares Hamlet exclaims, What a piece of work is man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable. The Renaissance ideal expanded the concept of the individual to include all aspects—spiritual, rational, emotional, and physical—of the human personality. The Elizabethan exuberance, therefore, was a reflection of a seemingly limitless desire to know, to do, and to be. The English literature of the Renaissance offers ample proof of the Elizabethan respect for life and beauty, wherever it may be found. Match the description to the date or term. 1. defeat of the Spanish Armada 2. end of Tudor reign 3. daughter of Anne Boleyn 4. daughter of Catherine 5. Tudor reign in England 6. Renaissance 1. 1588 2. 1603 3. Elizabeth 4. Mary 5. 1485-1603 6. rebirth Richard Tottels collection ______ was the first such collection made and became popularly known as _____. Songs and Sonnets; Tottels Miscellany Elizabethan Poetry Elizabethan poetry offers a variety of thoughts in words and rhythms that are pleasing to hear. The exuberance of the Elizabethan Age often expressed itself in songs, some spontaneous and others carefully designed. The development of musical Instruments such as the *virginal and viola da gamba* complemented this impulse to sing. Nearly everyone in Elizabethan times could sing or play a musical instrument. *In 1577, Richard Tottel published the first collection of songs and lyrics under the title Songs and Sonnets.* This book, however, usually is called *Tottels Miscellany*. Similar songbooks soon appeared, some with titles such as *The Paradise of Dainty Devices and The Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inventions*. Like these titles, many of the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate; others, however, were clear and simple. Elizabethan songs often alluded to Greek mythology. Such references are a natural way for Renaissance songwriters to express their admiration of classical times. In the poem The Triumph of Charis the poet used Charis as his subject. In Greek mythology, Charis is the personification of beauty and charm. Song Questions Which song focuses on the fickleness of men? -Song from Much Ado About Nothing Which song is a morning, awakening song? -from Cymbeline Which song would a mother most likely sing to a child at bedtime? -Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes What does Charis triumph over in the song The Triumph of Charis? -Her beauty and charm have all men wishing to be by her side. What is the conceit in There is a Garden in her Face? NOTE: A conceit is a literary device that compares two dissimilar things. -The womens lips are compared to cherries because she will not allow anyone to kiss them until she cries Cherry-Ripe. (line 6) Choose the sense that the poet appeals to in the last two lines of each stanza. -hearing (Spring, the Sweet Spring from Summers Last Will and Testament, by Thomas Nashe) Which line offers the best example of alliteration? -line one Full Fadom1, five thy father lies Personification Personification is a figure of speech by which the author gives human forms and traits to something that is not human (inanimate object, animal, abstraction). Poets use personification to help sharpen the readers interest and understanding. In Golden Slumbers Kiss Your Eyes, Thomas Dekker uses personification in the first and second lines: Golden slumbers kiss your eyes,/ Smiles awake you when you rise. Allusion If you thought that the Song from Cymbeline was the least simple and clear, your response was well founded. In that song, William Shakespeare uses an allusion, a figure of speech that can add a touch of sophistication. An allusion is a reference, direct or indirect, to a well-known literary, scriptural, or historical event or person. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare refers to Phoebus, also known as Phoebus Apollo, the sun god of the ancient Greeks. To better understand the world around them, the Greeks frequently explained a natural-but still mysterious-phenomenon, such as the sun, by equating it with a god. In turn, to better understand this god, they personified him. Thus, the sun and the god who represented it are humanized. Shakespeare referred to this sun god when he spoke of Phoebus, as a person who gins arise to start the day. Imagery In his effort to involve the reader, the poet often uses imagery; that is, he uses clear, concrete details that appeal to the readers senses. An image is sometimes defined in literature classes as a word picture. More exactly, an image is a word or phrase that encourages the reader to hear, touch, smell, taste, and see the poets subjects. In Song from Cymbeline, Shakespeare helps the reader to see the flowers by showing the shape (cup-shaped) of some and color (golden) of others. Elizabethan poets frequently used an elaborate and exaggerated image called a conceit. In this figure of speech, the writer makes a comparison between two things that are normally considered very dissimilar. Match the example to the term. 1. the fields breathe sweet 2. Phoebus 3. bag of the bee 4. first collection of songs and lyrics 5. The Triumph of Charis 1. personification 2. allusion 3. imagery 4. Richard Tottel 5. Ben Jonson Match the definition to the word. 1. something not concrete; a quality separated from an object 2. that which filled up or completed or brought to perfection 3. something that can be perceived by the senses (smelled, tasted, felt, heard or seen) 4. treating or regarding as the same 1. abstraction 2. complemented 3. concrete 4. equating Thomas Campion uses elaborate imagery to help the reader see his lovely lady. Match the comparison that the poet uses to the feature of his loves face. 1. roses and lilies 2. cherries 3. garden 4. rosebuds filled with snow 5. angels 6. pearls 7. bent bows 1. her cheeks 2. her lips 3. her face 4. her lips and teeth 5. her eyes 6. her teeth 7. her eyebrows According to Ariel, how many feet under the sea is Ferdinands father? 30 In this poem, Ferdinands fathers eyes have become _____ and his bones have become _____. pearls; coral courtier an attendant at a royal court sequences continuous or related series Sonnet Lyric poetry is highly subjective. It expresses the feeling or attitude of the poet. The sonnet is a specialized type of lyric poetry that was popular in Elizabethan England. The sonnet had its origin in Italy (the word means *little song* in Italian) where it had been perfected by the poet *Francesco Petrarch*. Introduced into England in the early sixteenth century by *Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey*, the sonnet soon became a literary fashion. *Three famous sonneteers of the Elizabethan Age were Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare.* John Donne is noted for his religious sonnets. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) was a poet, critic, scholar, diplomat, courtier, and soldier. He offers an example of the ideal Renaissance man. At 32, Sidney took part in a military expedition to Holland. He was fatally wounded during a skirmish there, and, according to a traditional story, he offered his own bottle of water to another dying man because he believed the soldiers need was greater than his own. He died as he had lived: as a gentleman. With his Astrophel and Stella, Sidney sparked the popularity of writing sonnet sequences. He addressed his sequence to Penelope Devereux; but gave his lady a name taken from Greek and Roman literature, as did some of the other Elizabethan poets. Stella means star; Astrophel means star-lover. Like most other Elizabethan sonnet sequences, Astrophel and Stella focuses on the poets love for a beautiful woman. The sonnets you will read are two of the 108 sonnets in Astrophel and Stella. Although he used variations, Sir Philip Sidney followed the Italian sonnet form more closely than any other Elizabethan writer. (has Sonnet XXXI and Sonnet XLI as examples) Match the description to the person or term. 1. brought sonnet to England 2. fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter 3. octave/sestet 4. three quatrains and a couplet 5. famous sonneteer 1. Wyatt and Surrey 2. sonnet 3. Italian Sonnet 4. English Sonnet 5. Edmund Spenser In the Italian sonnet, the ______ contains the answer to the problem presented in the ______. sestet; octave The ______ is the first eight lines of an ______. octave; Italian Sonnet archaic belonging to an earlier period, antiquated immortalize to give lasting fame to something or someone quest a seeking or search Edmund Spenser (1552-1599). Considered one of the greatest English poets, he was the successor to Chaucer in the development of English poetry. After his graduation from Cambridge, Spenser spent four years in the household of the Earl of Leicester, Philip Sidneys uncle and a favorite courtier of Queen Elizabeth. Then he accepted a government assignment in Ireland, where he remained until shortly before his death. Spensers most famous work is *The Faerie Queen*, the longest poem in the English language. The Faerie Queen of the poem is Gloriana, a symbol of Queen Elizabeth to whom he dedicated this masterpiece. The name of Spensers sonnet sequence is *Amoretti* (Little Loves). Spensers sonnets sprang from a real, personal love for Elizabeth Boyle, his future wife. Spenser wrote in a quaint and archaic language; therefore, his poetry is often reprinted in Elizabethan spelling to give a true representation of his style. You should have no trouble understanding the sonnets if you pronounce the words as they are spelled and keep in mind that a u is used as a w or a v. (shows Sonnet XV XXXIV for examples) Spenser used a simile to develop Sonnet XXXIV. A simile is a figure of speech that expresses a similarity between two objects, using like or as. A metaphor is a figure of speech that does not use like or as to compare two objects. Spenser, as you have seen, developed a sonnet pattern of his own. In the Spenserian sonnet, the thought is developed through three sets of rhyme. Each set introduces the rhyme of the next: abab bcbc cdcd. The last two lines introduce a new rhyme—ee—that summarizes the idea of the sonnet. Questions Lesson 3 The English sonnet is also called the Spenserian sonnet. false The rhyme scheme of Sonnet XV and Sonnet XXXIV are abba abba cdcd ee. false The poet compares himself to a ship. true What, according to the speaker, is the fairest treasure of his loved one? her mind A metaphor compares two things without using like or as. true The Italian sonnet is also called a Petrarchan sonnet. true The word this in the last line refers to the sonnet The poetic device used in line 6 is personification According to the poet, the summer is inferior to the subject of his poem because: ______. Select all that apply. it is too short it is too hot it dies Choose the rhyme scheme of Sonnet XXIX (Presume possessd rhymes with least. ). abab cdcd efef gg What is the metaphor in Line 7? Love is compared to the guiding star for all earthly travelers. What is the best restatement of the first sentence? Let me not speak out against why two true-minded people should be married. What type of sonnet is this? Italian In Sonnet XV, why does the speaker not think merchants need to seek for precious things in far away places? because his lady contains all riches within herself The eye of heaven is the sun What two reasons does the speaker give for why all fair things decline? nature and chance What does Donne not say that death is a slave to? sickness What is the sonnet seeking to define? love Which of the following is not a sonnet popularly used during the Elizabethan Age? All were used. (Spenserian, Petrarchan, Italian, English) The rhyme scheme of the following lines is _____. High diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jumped over the moon. The little Dog laughed To see such craft, And the Dish ran away with the Spoon. a, a, b, c, c, b Something ________ is not able to be perceived by the senses. abstract A(n) _____ is a figure of speech which compares two dissimilar things. conceit Something ________ can be perceived by one or more of the five senses. concrete The literary technique whereby human qualities are given to things not human is called ________. personification Using a reference to someone or something that is well known is called _____. allusion The repetition of initial consonants is called ______. alliteration Why would alliteration of the letter s add to the description of a fire? The repeated sounds imitate fire hissing. Why would a poet want to use alliteration? to create a sound effect by repeating sounds To _______ something or someone is to give it lasting fame. immortalize Poets often use _______ to help the reader see, hear, touch, taste, or feel the subject. imagery A metaphor _____. is a direct comparison T/F: A sonnet is a ten-line poem without a rhyme scheme. false All sonnets have a total of __ lines. 14 In Greek mythology, ______ is the personification of beauty and charm. Charis T/F: Phoebus Apollo is the sun god of Greek mythology. true T/F: All the Elizabethan songs were decorative and elaborate. false The rhythm pattern of all sonnets is called ________. iambic pentameter T/F: All sonnets have the same rhyme scheme. false Match the phrase that describes his sonnets with the poet. 1. addresses his sonnets to Stella 2. bases his sonnets on a love for his future wife 3. bases his sonnets on religious thought 4. addresses some of his sonnets to a Dark Lady 1. Sidney 2. Spenser 3. Donne 4. Shakespeare A poet uses ______ at the end of lines to tie together thoughts and to produce pleasure with the repetitious sounds. rhyme Sonnet IV What is the rhyme scheme of Sonnet LV? -abab cdcd efef gg To which of your senses do the images in Lines 1 and 4 appeal? sight What line number states how long the subject of the poem will live? -line 13 Which of the following is not mentioned in the poem as an element that destroys man-made monuments and memories? -future What theme, commonly used by Shakespeare, does Sonnet LV illustrate? -A poet can immortalize love and beauty in his poetry. In which line does the poet use allusion? -line 7 What line number states why the subject of the poem will live so long? -line 14 allegory a story in which people, things, and happenings have another meaning anachronistic out of its proper historical time incongruities things or ideas that are not in agreement with each other or are not compatible patronage support or protection given by someone playwright a person who writes plays raucous rough-sounding scaffold a temporary wooden stage secularized not of religious significance setting actual physical surroundings or scenery; also, the time and place of an action vagabonds shiftless, idle, or disreputable persons Church plays The origins of English drama are the church plays of the Middle Ages. These plays were a part or an extension of the church service. Their original purpose was to *help the uneducated congregation understand the Latin masses* (i.e., the readings of scripture were acted out so that those who could not understand the language could still get the meaning). The lines of the plays, in their earliest form, were chanted or sung. Eventually, the plays became so elaborate and so humorous that they were no longer appropriate for this setting, and were therefore, transferred outdoors. Once outside, both the plays and the audiences lost more and more of their formality. Latin gave way to the native language. Plays grew more humorous and lighthearted, and audiences became more rambunctious; eventually, churches forbade the productions. mystery plays The plays found new support from the town authorities who used the trade guilds as dramatic companies. Guildsmen provided money for costumes, stage properties, and actors wages. The plays came to be called mystery plays. Although *secularized in production, the plays were based on the Bible*. The plays were performed in a *cycle*, a series of short plays that formed one long narrative. Sometimes the individual plays within the cycle were performed on fixed stages or stations, and the crowds moved from station to station to see the entire cycle. Usually, however, individual plays were performed on separate wagons that moved to the spectators who were gathered at various predetermined locations in the city. Moving in succession, the wagons brought the entire cycle to the waiting crowds. These wagons were called *pageants*. The design of a pageant usually reflected its purpose and relationship to a specific guild. miracle plays Another dramatic form of medieval England was the miracle play. Although similar to the mystery plays, the miracle plays were based on the lives of the saints. morality plays Developed in the Late Middle Ages, the morality play was a dramatized *allegory*. In it, abstract virtues and vices—like mercy and shame—were personified. The most famous morality play is *Everyman*, in which Everyman, who represents all people, receives a summons from Death. interludes is a dramatic form that is considered a transition from medieval morality plays to Elizabethan drama. The original definition of an interlude is unknown, but it is believed to have begun during the reign of Henry VIII as a brief skit between the courses of a banquet. The word ultimately suggested a play brief enough to be presented between events of a dramatic performance, entertainment, or feast. *Court interludes* were realistic and humorous and intended primarily to amuse. *John Heywood* was the best-known writer of interludes; his most famous one is *The Four Ps.* This interlude presents a debate among a Palmer, a Pardoner, and a Pothecary. A Pedlar acts as a judge to determine who can tell the biggest lie. The Palmer wins when he claims that he never saw a woman lose her temper. (A palmer was a type of religious pilgrim; a pardoner sold indulgences; a pothecary was an early pharmacist; and a pedlar, now spelled peddler, was a traveling salesperson.) Middle Ages and Renaissance - MUSC 1010Why was Denmark preparing for a possible war? Select all that apply. -Hamlets father had killed the king of Norway. -Hamlets father had won some land from Norway. -The Norwegian kings son planned to avenge his father. Act I, scene ii questions T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true? T/F: Fortinbras is the nephew of the present king of Norway. -true T/F: Hamlet agrees to remain in Denmark rather than return to where he had been living. -true T/F: The present king of Norway is aware of Fortinbrass activities. -true T/F: Obviously, Claudius neither likes nor trusts Polonius. -false T/F: King Hamlet had been dead six months when Claudius and Gertrude were married. -false Reread Hamlets soliloquy in Act I, scene ii. Check three reasons why he was depressed enough to even think of self-destruction. -his fathers death -Claudius role as king and stepfather -distrust for his mothers love for his father According to the Elizabethan definition of the term, which of the following is a tragedy? Loneliness and despair overwhelm a rich old man who had never taken time to make true friends. pompous quality of being filled with self-importance SECOND UNIT dissenter one that holds a different opinion, such as an English Nonconformist emigrate to leave a home to live elsewhere maneuver to scheme, to trick nonconformist a person who does not conform to the Church of England parish a local church community; an area committed to one pastor suppressive tending to put down, keeping from public knowledge the commonwealth and earlier *Commonwealth is the term used to describe the Puritans control of English government from 1649 until 1660.* To understand how the Puritans became powerful enough to gain control of England, you must first understand who the Puritans were. The term Puritan was probably first applied during Elizabethan times to those men, mostly craftsmen and citizens of the flourishing bourgeois group, who believed that the Church of England should be purified of unnecessary ritual that was no longer meaningful and of organization that was no longer able to reach individual members. These dissenters resented their governments imposing on them what they considered a corrupt faith. Parish priests of the Church of England were awarded their positions by being the owner of the most land in the area. The clergymans payment came out of parish tax funds and, once established, was automatic. Once a vicar was given a parish, he almost always kept that parish. The overseeing bishops were appointed by the monar ch. Thus, by the time of Elizabeths successor, James I (see Chart 2), seemingly no division existed between church and state. Tax money supported the church, and the king governed it. Anglicans, members of the Church of England, feared these Puritans and other dissenters, or Nonconformists, because they rebelled not only against the church but also against the state since church and state were so closely related. Fearful Anglicans made laws to enforce conformity to the Church of England. One such law was responsible for John Bunyans stay in Bedford jail, influencing his work Pilgrims Progress. These laws forced Puritans further away from the party of the king. James I himself widened that division by insisting on his absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. James wished to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain, a wish that further angered the Puritans, who felt that the Roman Catholic Church was idolatrous and went against their wishes to purify the church of unnecessary rituals. His son, Charles I, was so eager to control England without Parliament that no Parliament was convened from *1629 to 1640* (see Chart 1). Moreover, Charles clearly preferred Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. This period was so difficult for the Puritans that nearly twenty thousand emigrated to America. In 1640, when the newly convened Parliament refused to give Charles money to quiet unrest in Scotland, the stage was set for the *Civil War, which began in 1642*(-1645), *between the kings forces (sometimes called Cavaliers or Royalists) and the Puritans (also called Roundheads ).* Puritans felt justified in defying the king because they disapproved of his desire to insert politics into religion. In 1645, the Puritans won the Civil War. In *1649*, after some Puritan maneuvering in Parliament, *Charles I was executed*. Thus, in 1649, the Commonwealth began its eleven-year existence. During this period, Parliament was the ruling body until *1653*, when the Puritan leader of the Parliamentary forces, Oliver Cromwell, was declared *Lord Protector*. *Oliver Cromwell* died in 1658. His son could not prevent an invitation to Charles II to return to England as king. By this time, most English citizens had become tired of the Puritan governments suppressive actions, which included *closing theaters by Parliamentary act from 1642 to 1660*, beheading the Archbishop of Canterbury, and evicting Anglican clergymen from their parishes. The English were eager to celebrate Charles IIs return. *Thus in 1660, Charles II was made king, and the English monarchy was restored.* restoration of Charles II The Restoration did not altogether quiet the discontent that had led to civil war. Anglicans still feared Puritan influence; and Puritans, as well as many Anglicans, feared renewed Roman Catholic pressure from the monarchy. Less important uprisings occurred in 1678, 1685, and finally, in 1688. Even though Charles IIs Act of Grace had pardoned those Puritans not directly responsible for Charles Is death, nearly two thousand clergy with Puritan leanings left the Church of England in 1661. By 1672, the *Test Act* forced all officers of the state, both civil and military, to prove their sympathies by taking communion according to the form of the Church of England. Charles Is Roman Catholic preferences had so frightened the English that they readily believed *Titus Oates* (1649-1705) who invented a *Popish Plot.* According to Oates, in the Popish Plot, Roman Catholics were supposed to have planned to assassinate Charles II and other political leaders so that they could place his brother J ames II (a strong Roman Catholic) on the throne. Memories and resentments of previous Roman Catholic injustices were still fresh: *Queen Bloody Mary I*, daughter of Henry VIII, had burned Protestants at the stake only a century earlier; and the Roman Catholic-inspired *Gunpowder Plot* (when Guy Fawkes was prepared to blow up the king and Parliament) had happened in 1605. Once again this fear, based on the imaginary Popish Plot, renewed violence; some thirty-five people were executed for supposed treason. When James II took the throne in 1685 at his brothers death, he confirmed some of those fears. In 1688, he imprisoned seven bishops of the Church of England in the London Tower. When his second wife bore a son, many feared the obvious Roman Catholic heir to the throne. Fortunately, English Protestants found a solution without the execution of another king. James IIs daughter Mary, who was heiress to the throne, had been contracted to marry William of Orange of Protestant Holland. William was quickly invited to England to insure Protestantism in 1688. This turn of events caused James and many of his followers, known as *Jacobites*, to flee to France. William and Marys acceptance of the throne was known as *The Glorious Revolution.* At that time, Parliament was given the power to determine the succession to the throne. That revolution provided for political and religious toleration, and thus brought government reform agreeable to the English majority. What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. questions Which of the following did not strive to keep literature alive and to inform the public of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? -Oliver Cromwell Which of the following serious problems did England encounter as cities became industrialized? Select all that apply. -pollution -slums -decrease in literacy The ___ was the Puritan government after Charles Is execution, lasting until the Restoration in 1660. -Commonwealth Who fought the civil war taking place in 1642 to 1645? -The Royalists and the Roundheads What are some reasons why Puritans emigrated to New England? Laws were enforced by the Anglicans to promote conformity to the Church of England, due to fear of the Puritans because they rebelled against both the church and state. King James I continued to create a divide between the Puritans and his party. He insisted on absolute power as king over the powers of Parliament, which contained several Puritan members. He also wanted to ally England with Roman Catholic Spain. Later, his son, Charles I, preferred the Roman Catholic ritual and began to restore it to the English Church. Having the Roman Catholic faith forced upon the Puritans made life difficult during this period, because they disagreed with their beliefs. Thus, the Puritans made the decision to move to New England. The Commonwealth ended in ____ when ___ was invited back to England as King. -1660; Charles II To what event does the Restoration refer? -Charles II was invited back to England to be king. What form of discrimination was not used against the Puritans immediately after the Restoration? -Some Puritans were shipped to Africa. what WAS used: 1. Clergymen with Puritan sympathies lost their positions. 2. All officers of the state were forced by the Test Act to take communion according to the Church of England. 3. Some Puritans were imprisoned. What is one reason why the English were afraid of a Roman Catholic monarch? -Unpleasant memories of Bloody Mary, who had burned Protestants at the stake, remained. In 1605, Roman Catholic-inspired Guy Fawkes conspired against the king and Parliament. His plan was known as the ___. -Gunpowder Plot What were the followers of James II called? -Jacobites What was The Glorious Revolution? -William and Mary were invited to take the throne, causing Parliament to control the succession to the throne. displaced forced from home effeminate unmanly lyrical suitable for music; expressing intense emotion; enthusiastic periodical something published with a fixed interval between issues or numbers propagandist one who spreads ideas to help an institution sensibility use of emotionalism as opposed to rationalism sentimental overly emotional, giving enjoyment at the expense of emotions, and idealizing human nature theme the central idea in a literary work revolution to post 1750s When William and Mary were invited to England, Parliament became more powerful. Two political parties, the *Tories and Whigs*, emerged to struggle for control of Parliament during Williams reign. The Tories ancestors were, supposedly, the Royalists of the earlier seventeenth century. The Whigs ancestors had been anti-Royalist. The Tories supported the present order of the church and state and were mainly landowners and lower-level clergymen. Whigs usually supported commerce, religious tolerance, and Parliamentary reform. These parties, however, were hardly like todays parties; they were more like groups of politicians allied to promote common interests. William III reigned jointly with Mary II until *1694* (when *Mary died* of smallpox) and as sole ruler until 1702. His reign was marked by military matters, a characteristic the Tories were quick to criticize. He quieted Jacobite uprisings in Scotland, subdued Ireland, and conducted a continental war against France to stop her influence and control. William was not popular with the Tories because of his connections with *Holland*. The Dutch were seen by the English as money-grabbing merchants. The Tory *Jonathan Swift* satirized the Dutch in Book Three of Gullivers Travels by portraying their merchants stomping on a crucifix to persuade the Japanese to trade with them. *William was killed* by a fall from his horse *in 1702*. Anne, Williams sister-in-law, became Queen until 1714. The Whigs remained in power and continued military activities to boost the economy. The Tories continued to complain until *1710 when they came into power*. The Tories finally calmed the war with France. Jonathan Swift became their chief propagandist. These years, however, were not calm. Roman Catholics were still feared in spite of the *Toleration Act of 1689*, which permitted Protestant dissenters to hold their own services instead of attending those of the Church of England. After *Annes death in 1714*, the crown went to George I of Hanover, a small kingdom that later became part of Germany (see Chart 2). The *Hanover kings, who ruled until 1820*, were criticized for their preference for the German language over English, their preference in music and unimportant scholarly matters, and their controversial personal lives. Yet they did bring stability to the throne while tremendous social and economic changes swept the country. 1750s and following The 1750s began a period of rapid changes brought on by industrialization, shifting social classes, and continuing expansion of the British Empire. One such series of changes has sometimes been called the *agricultural revolution*, although that title is probably an overstatement. It was caused by landowners who were still suffering financially from the civil war. They decided to reorganize their land and buy more land to make their farming more efficient. They then enclosed the land for their own use, a move given the title of Enclosure Acts, and consequently prevented small farmers and squatters from using the land that had once supported them. These landowners began to develop better farming methods, such as the rotation of crops and the draining of marshes, and invented improved farm machinery, but in so doing displaced many of the rural poor. Along with farming improvements came improved spinning and mining methods. Finally, by the 1750s, spinning and weaving machinery powered by steam began what is known as the *Industrial Revolution*. Inventions developed rapidly to produce goods more quickly and in greater volume. Some of those rural poor who had been driven from their land began to cluster in newly industrialized areas to find employment. Their living conditions eventually became so intolerable that Parliament later enacted reform bills to feed and educate these groups. The Anglican Church further eroded as some members realized how the churchs complicated structure prevented it from reaching the masses of poor people. The Anglican clergyman John Wesley and his followers broke away from the Anglicans to form the Methodist Church. Growing industries at home and trade to other parts of the expanding British Empire produced higher-level jobs and a growing middle class. Old, established families were losing money and power, while families with unrecognized reputations began to acquire the wealth necessary to have political power. As money became more important, a classical university education became less important. Education was thinly spread at lower levels to produce a wider, but less educated, reading public, and periodicals, which could be read quickly and easily, were becoming more popular. Meanwhile, England became more committed to commercial and political expansion. With the *Peace of Paris* at the end of the *Seven Years War* in 1763, (started 1756) England gained the two subcontinents of *Canada and India*. It had given much money to protect the Americans from the French and to promote western expansion in America. The British were truly unable to understand why the Americans seemed unwilling to aid the British taxpayers. Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, and Oliver Goldsmith warned of the consequences of the greed, corruption, and violence that plagued this period in British history. writers reactions The literature of these centuries was politically conscious; major writers were deeply committed to making their readers understand the significance of current events. The two Puritans John Milton and John Bunyan had been active in the Commonwealth. Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost and Bunyans allegory Pilgrims Progress do not deal directly with political themes, but they emphasize the battle between good and evil in all human beings. They contrast with the literature written to entertain Charles IIs court, literature that shows a renewed influence from France: witty and sparkling satire, carefully structured drama, and themes sometimes lacking moral values. Writers who lived in political, economic, and social disorder were concerned with imposing order and organization on their writing. The period from 1660 to 1700 is sometimes called the Neoclassical period because writers, especially poets, used their knowledge of Greek and Latin literature to perfect literary forms. One such perfected form is the heroic couplet, which you will examine later. Most important, writers were concerned with placing man in an orderly world in which he knew his position and observed the rest of the world with educated but restrained criticism. Writers, especially from 1688 to 1745 (sometimes called the period of common sense), felt a public responsibility to evaluate the quality of life, just as their classical models had. Along with this critical responsibility, they stressed the importance of a reasonable, logical approach. Realism was important in describing mans actions and his social position. Finally, a controlled approach to religion was important. They distrusted emotional shows of faith and revelations that would not stem from intellectual examination. They believed that the religious experience was rational and must be observed by the intellect. These four characteristics all appear in the works of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, both of whom used satire as a weapon against, and as instruction for, the newly educated masses. Writers from 1745 to the end of the century became more sentimental and even more moral. Their literature is sometimes called the literature of sensibility. These writers wrote lyrical emotional works with emphasis on the common man or on times in the distant past. They were interested in supernatural elements (usually to instruct and prepare the soul for death), and in the beauties of a higher power in nature. They often probed the effects of melancholy. Finally, writers found new ways to reach the public. They wrote moral or satiric essays in periodicals, such as The Tatler (1709), Spectator (1711), and The Gentlemans Magazine (1731). They also developed a new literary form, the novel, describing middle class people dealing with middle class problems. At that time, a novel was mainly a fictitious narrative, a story having no factual basis, with a closely knit plot of epic scope and a unity of theme. John Bunyan and Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe, pioneered realistic detail and lengthened narratives. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), Henry Fielding (1707-1754), Tobias Smollet (1721-1771), and Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) are the important novelists of the period. Their novels are still delightful to read and have influenced countless novelists since then, including Charles Dickens. questions T/F: The Tories were members of one of two political parties; they had Royalist preferences and supported the church and state already existing. -true T/F: The Whigs had Royalist preferences and usually supported commerce, religious toleration, and Parliamentary reform. -false T/F: Jonathan Swift wrote to further the Tory cause. -true Jonathan Swift used Book Three of Gullivers Travels to satirize the ___ because of Williams connections with ___. -Dutch; Holland T/F: The agricultural revolution was the enclosing of land to produce smaller estates and smaller profits. -false T/F: The Industrial Revolution began in the 1750s with inventions such as spinning and weaving machinery driven by steam. -true T/F: One of the lands England gained by the Peace of Paris was India. -true What were the dates of the Seven Years War? -1756 to 1763 The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. critical responsibility use of reason and logic use of realism suspicion of emotionalism rational expression of religious views -common sense The following are some characteristics of the literature of ___. moral themes sentimental tone lyrical movement emotional appeal emphasis on common man or the past interest in the supernatural interest in melancholy -sensibility Early novels were primarily ___ and dealt with problems faced by ___ members of society. -fictional; middle class Periodicals that contained moral or satiric essays in the first half of the eighteenth century were: _____. -The Spectator -The Tatler -The Gentlemans Magazine Some early novelists of this period were: _____. -Henry Fielding -Daniel Defoe -Samuel Richardson Writers who used Greek and Latin literature to perfect their literary forms belonged to the ___ period of literature. -Neoclassical Who were two authors who used satire to instruct the newly-educated masses? -Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift